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3.
22
Which is lawful for each caste (varna) and which are the virtues or faults of each (rite), all this I will declare to you, as well as their good and evil results with respect to the offspring.
- यो यस्य धर्म्यो वर्णस्य गुणदोषौ च यस्य यौ ।
तद्वः सर्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि प्रसवे च गुणागुणान् । । ३.२२ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
23
One may know that the first six according to the order (followed above) are lawful for a Brahmana, the four last for a Kshatriya, and the same four, excepting the Rakshasa rite, for a Vaisya and a Sudra.
- षडानुपूर्व्या विप्रस्य क्षत्रस्य चतुरोऽवरान् ।
विट्शूद्रयोस्तु तानेव विद्याद्धर्म्यानराक्षसान् । । ३.२३ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
24
The sages state that the first four are approved (in the case) of a Brahmana, one, the Rakshasa (rite in the case) of a Kshatriya, and the Asura (marriage in that) of a Vaisya and of a Sudra.
- चतुरो ब्राह्मणस्याद्यान्प्रशस्तान्कवयो विदुः ।
राक्षसं क्षत्रियस्यैकं आसुरं वैश्यशूद्रयोः । । ३.२४ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
25
But in these (Institutes of the sacred law) three of the five (last) are declared to be lawful and two unlawful; the Paisaka and the Asura (rites) must never be used.
- पञ्चानां तु त्रयो धर्म्या द्वावधर्म्यौ स्मृताविह ।
पैशाचश्चासुरश्चैव न कर्तव्यौ कदा चन । । ३.२५ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
26
For Kshatriyas those before-mentioned two rites, the Gandharva and the Rakshasa, whether separate or mixed, are permitted by the sacred tradition.
- पृथक्पृथग्वा मिश्रौ वा विवाहौ पूर्वचोदितौ ।
गान्धर्वो राक्षसश्चैव धर्म्यौ क्षत्रस्य तौ स्मृतौ । । ३.२६ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
1
The vow (of studying) the three Vedas under a teacher must be kept for thirty-six years, or for half that time, or for a quarter, or until the (student) has perfectly learnt them.
- षट्त्रिंशदाब्दिकं चर्यं गुरौ त्रैवेदिकं व्रतम् ।
तदर्धिकं पादिकं वा ग्रहणान्तिकं एव वा । । ३.१ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
2
(A student) who has studied in due order the three Vedas, or two, or even one only, without breaking the (rules of) studentship, shall enter the order of householders.
- वेदानधीत्य वेदौ वा वेदं वापि यथाक्रमम् ।
अविप्लुतब्रह्मचर्यो गृहस्थाश्रमं आवसेत् । । ३.२ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
3
He who is famous for (the strict performance of) his duties and has received his heritage, the Veda, from his father, shall be honoured, sitting on a couch and adorned with a garland, with (the present of) a cow (and the honey-mixture).
- तं प्रतीतं स्वधर्मेण ब्रह्मदायहरं पितुः ।
स्रग्विणं तल्प आसीनं अर्हयेत्प्रथमं गवा । । ३.३ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
4
Having bathed, with the permission of his teacher, and performed according to the rule the Samavartana (the rite on returning home), a twice-born man shall marry a wife of equal caste who is endowed with auspicious (bodily) marks.
- गुरुणानुमतः स्नात्वा समावृत्तो यथाविधि ।
उद्वहेत द्विजो भार्यां सवर्णां लक्षणान्विताम् । । ३.४ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
5
A damsel who is neither a Sapinda on the mother's side, nor belongs to the same family on the father's side, is recommended to twice-born men for wedlock and conjugal union.
- असपिण्डा च या मातुरसगोत्रा च या पितुः ।
सा प्रशस्ता द्विजातीनां दारकर्मणि मैथुने । । ३.५ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
6
In connecting himself with a wife, let him carefully avoid the ten following families, be they ever so great, or rich in kine, horses, sheep, grain, or (other) property,
- महान्त्यपि समृद्धानि गोऽजाविधनधान्यतः ।
स्त्रीसंबन्धे दशैतानि कुलानि परिवर्जयेत् । । ३.६ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
7
(Viz.) one which neglects the sacred rites, one in which no male children (are born), one in which the Veda is not studied, one (the members of) which have thick hair on the body, those which are subject to hemorrhoids, phthisis, weakness of digestion, epilepsy, or white or black leprosy.
- हीनक्रियं निष्पुरुषं निश्छन्दो रोमशार्शसम् ।
क्षयामयाव्यपस्मारि श्वित्रिकुष्ठिकुलानि च । । ३.७ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
8
Let him not marry a maiden (with) reddish (hair), nor one who has a redundant member, nor one who is sickly, nor one either with no hair (on the body) or too much, nor one who is garrulous or has red (eyes),
- नोद्वहेत्कपिलां कन्यां नाधिकाङ्गीं न रोगिणीम् ।
नालोमिकां नातिलोमां न वाचाटां न पिङ्गलाम् । । ३.८ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
9
Nor one named after a constellation, a tree, or a river, nor one bearing the name of a low caste, or of a mountain, nor one named after a bird, a snake, or a slave, nor one whose name inspires terror.
- न र्क्षवृक्षनदीनाम्नीं नान्त्यपर्वतनामिकाम् ।
न पक्ष्यहिप्रेष्यनाम्नीं न च भीषननामिकाम् । । ३.९ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
10
Let him wed a female free from bodily defects, who has an agreeable name, the (graceful) gait of a Hamsa or of an elephant, a moderate (quantity of) hair on the body and on the head, small teeth, and soft limbs.
- अव्यङ्गाङ्गीं सौम्यनाम्नीं हंसवारणगामिनीम् ।
तनुलोमकेशदशनां मृद्वङ्गीं उद्वहेत्स्त्रियम् । । ३.१० । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
11
But a prudent man should not marry (a maiden) who has no brother, nor one whose father is not known, through fear lest (in the former case she be made) an appointed daughter (and in the latter) lest (he should commit) sin.
- यस्यास्तु न भवेद्भ्राता न विज्ञायेत वा पिता ।
नोपयच्छेत तां प्राज्ञः पुत्रिकाधर्मशङ्कया । । ३.११ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
12
For the first marriage of twice-born men (wives) of equal caste are recommended; but for those who through desire proceed (to marry again) the following females, (chosen) according to the (direct) order (of the castes), are most approved.
- सवर्णाग्रे द्विजातीनां प्रशस्ता दारकर्मणि ।
कामतस्तु प्रवृत्तानां इमाः स्युः क्रमशोऽवराः । । ३.१२ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
13
It is declared that a Sudra woman alone (can be) the wife of a Sudra, she and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Vaisya, those two and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Kshatriya, those three and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Brahmana.
- शूद्रैव भार्या शूद्रस्य सा च स्वा च विशः स्मृते ।
ते च स्वा चैव राज्ञश्च ताश्च स्वा चाग्रजन्मनः । । ३.१३ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
14
A Sudra woman is not mentioned even in any (ancient) story as the (first) wife of a Brahmana or of a Kshatriya, though they lived in the (greatest) distress.
- न ब्राह्मणक्षत्रिययोरापद्यपि हि तिष्ठतोः ।
कस्मिंश्चिदपि वृत्तान्ते शूद्रा भार्योपदिश्यते । । ३.१४ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
15
Twice-born men who, in their folly, wed wives of the low (Sudra) caste, soon degrade their families and their children to the state of Sudras.
- हीनजातिस्त्रियं मोहादुद्वहन्तो द्विजातयः ।
कुलान्येव नयन्त्याशु ससन्तानानि शूद्रताम् । । ३.१५ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
16
According to Atri and to (Gautama) the son of Utathya, he who weds a Sudra woman becomes an outcast, according to Saunaka on the birth of a son, and according to Bhrigu he who has (male) offspring from a (Sudra female, alone).
- शूद्रावेदी पतत्यत्रेरुतथ्यतनयस्य च ।
शौनकस्य सुतोत्पत्त्या तदपत्यतया भृगोः । । ३.१६ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
17
A Brahmana who takes a Sudra wife to his bed, will (after death) sink into hell; if he begets a child by her, he will lose the rank of a Brahmana.
- शूद्रां शयनं आरोप्य ब्राह्मणो यात्यधोगतिम् ।
जनयित्वा सुतं तस्यां ब्राह्मण्यादेव हीयते । । ३.१७ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
18
The manes and the gods will not eat the (offerings) of that man who performs the rites in honour of the gods, of the manes, and of guests chiefly with a (Sudra wife's) assistance, and such (a man) will not go to heaven.
- दैवपित्र्यातिथेयानि तत्प्रधानानि यस्य तु ।
नाश्नन्ति पितृदेवास्तन्न च स्वर्गं स गच्छति । । ३.१८ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
19
For him who drinks the moisture of a Sudra's lips, who is tainted by her breath, and who begets a son on her, no expiation is prescribed.
- वृषलीफेनपीतस्य निःश्वासोपहतस्य च ।
तस्यां चैव प्रसूतस्य निष्कृतिर्न विधीयते । । ३.१९ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
20
Now listen to (the) brief (description of) the following eight marriage-rites used by the four castes (varna) which partly secure benefits and partly produce evil both in this life and after death.
- चतुर्णां अपि वर्णानं प्रेत्य चेह हिताहितान् ।
अष्टाविमान्समासेन स्त्रीविवाहान्निबोधत । । ३.२० । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
21
(They are) the rite of Brahman (Brahma), that of the gods (Daiva), that of the Rishis (Arsha), that of Pragapati (Pragapatya), that of the Asuras (Asura), that of the Gandharvas (Gandharva), that of the Rhashasas (Rakshasa), and that of the Pisakas (Paisaka).
- ब्राह्मो दैवस्तथैवार्षः प्राजापत्यस्तथासुरः ।
गान्धर्वो राक्षसश्चैव पैशाचश्चाष्टमोऽधमः । । ३.२१ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
27
The gift of a daughter, after decking her (with costly garments) and honouring (her by presents of jewels), to a man learned in the Veda and of good conduct, whom (the father) himself invites, is called the Brahma rite.
- आच्छाद्य चार्चयित्वा च श्रुतशीलवते स्वयम् ।
आहूय दानं कन्याया ब्राह्मो धर्मः प्रकीर्तितः । । ३.२७ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
28
The gift of a daughter who has been decked with ornaments, to a priest who duly officiates at a sacrifice, during the course of its performance, they call the Daiva rite.
- यज्ञे तु वितते सम्यगृत्विजे कर्म कुर्वते ।
अलङ्कृत्य सुतादानं दैवं धर्मं प्रचक्षते । । ३.२८ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
29
When (the father) gives away his daughter according to the rule, after receiving from the bridegroom, for (the fulfilment of) the sacred law, a cow and a bull or two pairs, that is named the Arsha rite.
- एकं गोमिथुनं द्वे वा वरादादाय धर्मतः ।
कन्याप्रदानं विधिवदार्षो धर्मः स उच्यते । । ३.२९ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
30
The gift of a daughter (by her father) after he has addressed (the couple) with the text, 'May both of you perform together your duties,' and has shown honour (to the bridegroom), is called in the Smriti the Pragapatya rite.
- सहोभौ चरतां धर्मं इति वाचानुभाष्य च ।
कन्याप्रदानं अभ्यर्च्य प्राजापत्यो विधिः स्मृतः । । ३.३० । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
31
When (the bridegroom) receives a maiden, after having given as much wealth as he can afford, to the kinsmen and to the bride herself, according to his own will, that is called the Asura rite.
- ज्ञातिभ्यो द्रविणं दत्त्वा कन्यायै चैव शक्तितः ।
कन्याप्रदानं स्वाच्छन्द्यादासुरो धर्म उच्यते । । ३.३१ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
32
The voluntary union of a maiden and her lover one must know (to be) the Gandharva rite, which springs from desire and has sexual intercourse for its purpose.
- इच्छयान्योन्यसंयोगः कन्यायाश्च वरस्य च ।
गान्धर्वः स तु विज्ञेयो मैथुन्यः कामसंभवः । । ३.३२ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
33
The forcible abduction of a maiden from her home, while she cries out and weeps, after (her kinsmen) have been slain or wounded and (their houses) broken open, is called the Rakshasa rite.
- हत्वा छित्त्वा च भित्त्वा च क्रोशन्तीं रुदन्तीं गृहात् ।
प्रसह्य कन्याहरणं राक्षसो विधिरुच्यते । । ३.३३ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
34
When (a man) by stealth seduces a girl who is sleeping, intoxicated, or disordered in intellect, that is the eighth, the most base and sinful rite of the Pisakas.
- सुप्तां मत्तां प्रमत्तां वा रहो यत्रोपगच्छति ।
स पापिष्ठो विवाहानां पैशाचश्चाष्टमोऽधमः । । ३.३४ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
35
The gift of daughters among Brahmanas is most approved, (if it is preceded) by (a libation of) water; but in the case of other castes (it may be performed) by (the expression of) mutual consent.
- अद्भिरेव द्विजाग्र्याणां कन्यादानं विशिष्यते ।
इतरेषां तु वर्णानां इतरेतरकाम्यया । । ३.३५ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
36
Listen now to me, ye Brahmanas, while I fully declare what quality has been ascribed by Manu to each of these marriage-rites.
- यो यस्यैषां विवाहानां मनुना कीर्तितो गुणः ।
सर्वं शृणुत तं विप्राः सर्वं कीर्तयतो मम । । ३.३६ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
37
The son of a wife wedded according to the Brahma rite, if he performs meritorious acts, liberates from sin ten ancestors, ten descendants and himself as the twenty-first.
- दश पूर्वान्परान्वंश्यानात्मानं चैकविंशकम् ।
ब्राह्मीपुत्रः सुकृतकृन्मोचयत्येनसः पितॄन् । । ३.३७ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
38
The son born of a wife, wedded according to the Daiva rite, likewise (saves) seven ancestors and seven descendants, the son of a wife married by the Arsha rite three (in the ascending and descending lines), and the son of a wife married by the rite of Ka (Pragapati) six (in either line).
- दैवोढाजः सुतश्चैव सप्त सप्त परावरान् ।
आर्षोढाजः सुतस्त्रींस्त्रीन्षट्षट्कायोढजः सुतः । । ३.३८ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
39
From the four marriages, (enumerated) successively, which begin with the Brahma rite spring sons, radiant with knowledge of the Veda and honoured by the Sishtas (good men).
- ब्राह्मादिषु विवाहेषु चतुर्ष्वेवानुपूर्वशः ।
ब्रह्मवर्चस्विनः पुत्रा जायन्ते शिष्टसम्मताः । । ३.३९ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
40
Endowded with the qualities of beauty and goodness, possessing wealth and fame, obtaining as many enjoyments as they desire and being most righteous, they will live a hundred years.
- रूपसत्त्वगुणोपेता धनवन्तो यशस्विनः ।
पर्याप्तभोगा धर्मिष्ठा जीवन्ति च शतं समाः । । ३.४० । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
41
But from the remaining (four) blamable marriages spring sons who are cruel and speakers of untruth, who hate the Veda and the sacred law.
- इतरेषु तु शिष्टेषु नृशंसानृतवादिनः ।
जायन्ते दुर्विवाहेषु ब्रह्मधर्मद्विषः सुताः । । ३.४१ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
42
In the blameless marriages blameless children are born to men, in blamable (marriages) blamable (offspring); one should therefore avoid the blamable (forms of marriage).
- अनिन्दितैः स्त्रीविवाहैरनिन्द्या भवति प्रजा ।
निन्दितैर्निन्दिता नॄणां तस्मान्निन्द्यान्विवर्जयेत् । । ३.४२ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
43
The ceremony of joining the hands is prescribed for (marriages with) women of equal caste (varna); know that the following rule (applies) to weddings with females of a different caste (varna).
- पाणिग्रहणसंस्कारः सवर्णासूपदिश्यते ।
असवर्णास्वयं ज्ञेयो विधिरुद्वाहकर्मणि । । ३.४३ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
44
On marrying a man of a higher caste a Kshatriya bride must take hold of an arrow, a Vaisya bride of a goad, and a Sudra female of the hem of the (bridegroom's) garment.
- शरः क्षत्रियया ग्राह्यः प्रतोदो वैश्यकन्यया ।
वसनस्य दशा ग्राह्या शूद्रयोत्कृष्टवेदने । । ३.४४ । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
114
Without hesitation he may give food, even before his guests, to the following persons, (viz.) to newly-married women, to infants, to the sick, and to pregnant women.
- सुवासिनीः कुमारीश्च रोगिणो गर्भिणीः स्त्रियः ।
अतिथिभ्योऽग्र एवैतान्भोजयेदविचारयन् । । ३.११४[१०४ं] । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
115
But the foolish man who eats first without having given food to these (persons) does, while he crams, not know that (after death) he himself will be devoured by dogs and vultures.
- अदत्त्वा तु य एतेभ्यः पूर्वं भुङ्क्तेऽविचक्षणः ।
स भुञ्जानो न जानाति श्वगृध्रैर्जग्धिं आत्मनः । । ३.११५[१०५ं] । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
116
After the Brahmanas, the kinsmen, and the servants have dined, the householder and his wife may afterwards eat what remains.
- भुक्तवत्स्वथ विप्रेषु स्वेषु भृत्येषु चैव हि ।
भुञ्जीयातां ततः पश्चादवशिष्टं तु दम्पती । । ३.११६[१०६ं] । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
117
Having honoured the gods, the sages, men, the manes, and the guardian deities of the house, the householder shall eat afterwards what remains.
- देवानृषीन्मनुष्यांश्च पितॄन्गृह्याश्च देवताः ।
पूजयित्वा ततः पश्चाद्गृहस्थः शेषभुग्भवेत् । । ३.११७[१०७ं] । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
118
He who prepares food for himself (alone), eats nothing but sin; for it is ordained that the food which remains after (the performance of) the sacrifices shall be the meal of virtuous men.
- अघं स केवलं भुङ्क्ते यः पचत्यात्मकारणात् ।
यज्ञशिष्टाशनं ह्येतत्सतां अन्नं विधीयते । । ३.११८[१०८ं] । । (Ⅲ)
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3.
119
Let him honour with the honey-mixture a king, an officiating priest, a Snataka, the teacher, a son-in-law, a father-in-law, and a maternal uncle, (if they come) again after a full year (has elapsed since their last visit).
- राजर्त्विक्स्नातकगुरून्प्रियश्वशुरमातुलान् ।
अर्हयेन्मधुपर्केण परिसंवत्सरात्पुनः । । ३.११९[१०९ं] । । (Ⅲ)
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